States, local governments, and shale gas operators seek to manage produced water in a way that protects surface and ground water resources and, if possible, reduces future demands for fresh water. By pursuing the pollution prevention hierarchy of “Reduce, Re-use, and Recycle” these groups are examining both traditional and innovative approaches to managing shale gas produced water. This water is currently managed through a variety of mechanisms, including underground injection, treatment and discharge, and recycling. The table above summarizes current produced water management practices for the various shale gas basins, and is compiled from data collected from producers and regulatory agencies in these basins.

Source: Modern ShaleGas Development in the United States: A Primer prepared by Ground Water Protection Council and ALL Consulting